Primer

M&A practice is a multi-disciplinary discipline where legal judgment, deal mechanics, and fiduciary process converge under time pressure. Whether you're sitting on the buy side, sell side, or advising a board through a contested situation, the legal work demands precision across several distinct workstreams simultaneously: deal structure, due diligence, board process, regulatory clearance, and documentation.

On the sell side, the core legal responsibilities include managing the board process (with special committee formation where conflicts of interest exist), overseeing the data room and due diligence response, reviewing disclosure schedules for accuracy, and coordinating with proxy/disclosure counsel on the proxy or information statement. A financial advisor's fairness opinion anchors the board record, but legal counsel must ensure the process behind it — deliberation, independence, information — is defensible under Delaware scrutiny.

On the buy side, legal due diligence spans all workstreams — employment, IP, litigation, regulatory, environmental, contracts — and is responsible for surfacing legal risks that affect deal economics or require price adjustments, indemnification provisions, or walk-away rights. You also drive the antitrust analysis: whether HSR filing is required, what the timeline looks like, and whether there are substantive concerns that may require remedies or create deal risk.

Deal protection provisions (no-shop, matching rights, termination fees, force-the-vote) must be calibrated carefully against Delaware case law. Know your Revlon triggers (cash deals requiring maximization), Unocal triggers (defensive measures requiring proportionality), and the Corwin cleansing doctrine (which can achieve business judgment review of arm's-length transactions through fully-informed stockholder vote).

Key Concepts

Reference topics — deep-dive primers coming soon

  • Deal structures: stock purchase, asset purchase, merger (forward/reverse triangular), tender offer
  • LOI / Term Sheet — binding vs. non-binding provisions; exclusivity period
  • Due diligence workstreams: legal, IP, employment, environmental, regulatory, financial, tech
  • Merger agreement: reps & warranties, covenants (ordinary course, antitrust efforts), conditions
  • Material adverse effect (MAE/MAC) definition — carve-outs and allocation of risk
  • Disclosure schedules — preparation, accuracy standard, updating obligations
  • Deal protection: no-shop, fiduciary out, matching rights, termination fees (3-4% market range)
  • Board process: fairness opinion, special committee, MFW dual conditions
  • Stockholder approval: threshold (majority outstanding vs. majority voted), proxy/info statement
  • HSR Act filing — size of transaction/party thresholds, waiting period, second request risk
  • CFIUS review — mandatory vs. voluntary, covered business definition, timelines
  • Section 251(h) — merger without stockholder vote after successful tender offer (90% threshold)
  • Representations & Warranties Insurance (RWI) — buyer/seller-side, retention, exclusions
  • Earnout provisions — design, dispute resolution, accounting milestones
  • Integration planning — day-one readiness, entity rationalization, employment transitions
  • Hostile defense toolkit: rights plan (poison pill), staggered board, bylaws review

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